Malaria
overview
Malaria or malignancy is a carrier-borne infectious disease spread by protozoan parasites. It is mainly spread in warm and subtropical regions of continents of America, Asia and Africa. Each year it affects 51.5 million people and causes 10 to 3 million deaths, most of which are young children from sub-Saharan Africa. [1] Malaria is commonly associated with poverty. But it is itself a cause of poverty and a major inhibitor of economic development.
The carrier of the malaria parasite is the female Anopheles mosquito. On its bite, malaria parasites multiply by entering the red blood cells, causing symptoms of anemia (dizziness, breathlessness, ejaculation, etc.). Apart from this, nonspecific symptoms such as fever, cold, nausea and cold are also seen. In severe cases, the patient may go unconscious and even die.
Several measures can be taken to prevent the spread of malaria. Mosquito nets and insect repellents prevent mosquito bites, so mosquitoes can be controlled by spraying pesticides and draining stagnant water (to which mosquitoes lay eggs). Although research on vaccines / vaccines for the prevention of malaria is ongoing, but no one has been available yet. To prevent malaria, preventive medicines have to be taken for a long time and are so expensive that malaria is often out of reach of the affected people. Most adult people in the malaria-dominant area have a tendency to have frequent malaria as well as have partial immunity against it, but this immunity is reduced when they move to an area that Do not get affected by malaria. If they return to the affected area, they should again take full caution. Malaria infection is treated with anti-malarial drugs such as quinine or artemisinin, although cases of drug resistance are becoming increasingly common.
History
Malaria has been affecting humans for 50,000 years, perhaps it has always been a parasite on the human race. The closest relatives of this parasite live in our closest relatives i.e. the chimpanzees. Since history is being written, there have been descriptions of malaria. The earliest description dates back to 2400 BC from China. The word Malaria originates from the medieval Italian language Mala Area which means 'bad wind'. It was also called 'swamp fever' (English: marsh fever, marsh fever) or 'ag' (English: ague) as it spread widely in marshy areas.
The first serious scientific study on malaria occurred in 180 when Charles Louis Alphonse Lavern, a French military physician, first noticed the parasite inside a red blood cell while working in Algeria. He then proposed that this protozoan parasite is the cause of malaria disease. For this and other discoveries, he was given the Medical Nobel Prize of 1906.
This protozoa was named by Plasmodium Italian scientists Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Sealy. A year later, Qubai physician Carlos Finley, while treating yellow fever, first claimed that mosquitoes spread the disease from one person to another. But the work of certifying it as irrefutable was done by Sir Ronald Ross of Britain in 1797 while working in Secunderabad. He showed birds by cutting off birds from special species of mosquitoes and separating the parasites from the salivary glands of mosquitoes which they had reared in infected birds. For this work, he received the Medical Nobel of 1902. Later, resigned from the Indian Medical Service, Ross worked at the newly established Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and contributed to malaria control operations in several countries such as Egypt, Panama, Greece and Mauritius. Finley and Ross's discoveries were confirmed in 1900 by a medical board headed by Walter Reed. William C. Gorgas followed its advice at the time of construction of the Panama Canal, which saved the lives of thousands of workers. These measures were used against this disease in future.
Disease distribution and effects
Malaria causes 60 to 90 crore fever cases every year, whereas it causes 10 to 30 lakh deaths every year, which means one death per 30 seconds. Most of them are children below five years of age, while pregnant women are also susceptible to this disease. Despite efforts to prevent infection and efforts to cure it, there has been no decline in its cases after 1929. If the current prevalence of malaria remains, the death rate may double in the next 20 years. Real data about malaria is unavailable as most of the patients live in rural areas, neither they go to the hospital nor their cases are kept accountable.
Malaria and HIV The possibility of death is increased by simultaneous infection of. [2] Malaria Since H.I.V. Is in a different age group, so this combination is H.I.V. - T.B. (Tuberculosis) is less widespread and fatal. However, both these diseases contribute to spread the spread of each other - malaria increases the viral load, while the person's immunity is weakened due to AIDS infection.
Currently, malaria is spread over a wide area on both sides of the equator, these regions cover the Americas, Asia and most of Africa, but most of these deaths (about 75 to 90%) occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the distribution of malaria is somewhat complex, with malaria-affected and malaria-free areas often occurring together. Its spread in dry areas is closely related to the amount of rainfall. Unlike dengue fever, it spreads more in villages than in cities. For example, the cities of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia are malaria-free, while the villages in these countries suffer from it. As an exception, all urban-rural areas in Africa suffer from this, although the risk is less in large cities. Its world distribution has never been measured since the 1980s. Recently, the Wellcome Trust of Britain has given financial support to the Malaria Atlas Project for this work, so that the current and future distribution of malaria can be studied better.
Social and economic impact
Malaria is associated with poverty, it is itself a cause of poverty and a hindrance in economic development. In areas where it is widely spread, it has many negative economic effects. If we compare the per capita GDP on the basis of 195 (by adjusting the purchasing power), there is a difference of five times in malaria-free areas and malaria-affected areas ($ 1,524 vs. $ 7,268). ). In countries where malaria is spread, the GDP increased by only 0.6% per year between 1975 and 190, while it was 2.6% in countries free of malaria. Although the simultaneous association of causality between poverty and malaria cannot be linked, many poor countries do not have sufficient funding to prevent malaria. In Africa alone, the loss of US $ 12 billion per year is due to malaria, including health expenditure, loss of workdays, loss of education, loss of mental capacity due to brain malaria and loss of investment and tourism. In some countries it consumes up to 40% of the total public health budget. In these countries, 30 to 50% of patients admitted to hospitals and up to 50% of patients seen in outpatient departments are malaria. [3] Malaria in November of 2008 compared to AIDS and tuberculosis For more than double the amount of $ 70 million was spent
Symptoms of Malaria
Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, joint pain, vomiting, anemia (from blood destruction), hemoglobin in urine and seizures. The most common symptom of malaria is a sudden cold, accompanied by a cold, followed by a fever. After 6 to 7 hours, fever subsides and sweats. In P. falciparum infection, the whole process occurs every 37 to 6 hours or may be persistent fever; Malaria due to P. vivax and P. ovale causes fever every two days, and P. malaria every three days. [5]
Severe malaria cases are almost always from P. falciparum. It occurs 6 to 14 days after infection. Increased spleen and liver size, acute headache and hypersensitivity (lack of glucose in the blood) are also other serious symptoms. The excretion of hemoglobin in the urine and this can lead to kidney failure, which is called black water fever (English: blackwater fever, black water fever). Severe malaria can also lead to unconsciousness or death, the risk of this happening in young children and pregnant women is very high. In very severe cases, death can occur within a few hours. In severe cases, mortality can be as high as 20% even if treated appropriately. Treatment is often not satisfactory in the epidemic area, so the death rate is very high and 1 out of every 10 malaria patients die.
Malaria can cause severe damage to the developing brain of young children. Children are more likely to develop brain malaria, and in this case the blood supply to the brain may decrease and often directly harm the brain as well. The extremities twitch awkwardly in the event of excessive damage. In children with severe malaria over the long term, poor mental development is often seen. Pregnant women are very attractive to mosquitoes and can result from malaria until pregnancy death, low birth weight and infant death. It is mainly caused by infection with P. falciparum, but P. vivax can also do this. P. vivax and P. ovale parasites can remain hidden in the liver for years. Therefore, it is wrong to assume that the disease has been completely eradicated even after the disease has been eradicated from the blood. Malaria can occur again up to 30 years after infection with P. vivax. One out of every five cases of P. vivax in temperate regions suddenly arises next year by hiding in cold weather.
Causes of Malaria
Malarial parasite
Malaria is spread by protozoa parasites of Plasmodium gana. Four members of this group infect humans - Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. The most dangerous of these is believed to be P. falciparum, accounting for 80 percent of malaria cases and 90 percent of deaths. [6] The parasite also infects birds, crawling creatures, monkeys, chimpanzees and mice. [ 7] Infections in humans are also known from many other types of plasmodium, but are negligible except for P. knowlesi. [8] Malaria found in birds Chickens can die but it has not been found to cause much harm to the poultry. [9] When the disease reached humans in the Hawaiian Islands, many of the bird species there were destroyed because of their natural resistance against them. Was not. [10]
Plasmodium parasites, infecting the cytoplasm of the cell of the mid-intestinal lining of a malaria-borne mosquito, illustrated with an electron microscope.
Mosquito
The primary nutrient of the malaria parasite is the female anopheles mosquito, which also helps to spread malaria infection. Mosquitoes of Anopheles gans are spread all over the world. Only the female mosquito nourishes with blood, so it is the carrier and not the male. The female mosquito anopheles bites at night. In the evening, it goes out in search of prey and roams till the hunt is found. It lays eggs in standing water. Both the eggs and the larvae emanating from them are in dire need of water. Additionally, larvae have to repeatedly come to the surface of the water to breathe. The mosquitoes take about 10–14 days to hatch into the egg-larva-pupa and then adults. Adult mosquitoes thrive on pollen and other sugary foods, but female mosquitoes need blood to lay eggs.
Life cycle of plasmodium
The female Anopheles mosquito becomes the first prey and carrier of the malaria parasite. Young mosquitoes take the malaria parasite from the blood of an infected human upon its bite. The germs of the parasite present in the blood (English: gametocytes, gametocytes) develop into males and females in the stomach of the mosquito and then together form the egg (English: oocytes, oocytes) that grow in the wall of the mosquito's intestines. Are. At maturity, they erupt and the spores (English: sporozoites, sporozoots) from it reach the salivary glands of the mosquito. The mosquito then bites saliva as well as spores in the skin when it bites a healthy human. [11] In the human body, these spores then germinate to form germs (see below), which then spread the infection further.
In addition, malaria can also be spread by transfusion of infected blood, but this is very unusual.
Prevention and control
The spread of malaria depends on these factors - the density of the human population, the density of the mosquito population, the spread from mosquitoes to humans and the spread from humans to mosquitoes. If any one of these factors is reduced too much, then malaria can be eradicated from that area. Therefore, to prevent the spread of disease in malaria affected areas, along with medicines, measures are taken to eradicate mosquitoes or to avoid biting them. Many researchers claim that the cost of prevention against malaria treatment will be less in the long run. In the decade 1956–1960, widespread efforts were made to eradicate malaria globally (just as it was done to eradicate smallpox). But they could not succeed and malaria is still present in Africa at the same level.
Much control over malaria can be achieved by destroying mosquito breeding sites. Mosquitoes breed in standing water, such standing water spaces should be covered, dried or drained or oil should be applied on the surface of the water, so that the mosquito larvae cannot breathe. In addition, pesticides are often sprayed on the walls of homes in malaria-affected areas. Mosquitoes of many species digest the human's blood after sitting on the wall. In such a situation, if insecticides are sprayed on the walls, the mosquito will die as soon as it sits on the wall, before any other humans are bitten. The World Health Organization has recognized about 12 drugs for spraying in malaria-affected areas. These include drugs such as permethrin and deltamethrin in addition to DDT, especially in areas where mosquitoes have developed immunity to DDT.
Mosquito nets are successful in keeping mosquitoes away from people and prevent malaria infection to a great extent. Since the Anopheles mosquito bites at night, the protection is completed by hanging large mosquito nets on the bed / bed and completely encircling the bed. Mosquito nets are not very effective measures in their own right, but if treated chemically, they become very useful. Malaria-affected areas have seen a 20 percent reduction in malaria by spreading awareness about malaria. Also, diagnosis and treatment of malaria as soon as possible also reduces its prevalence. Other efforts include collecting and analyzing malaria on a large scale and examining how effective the methods of malaria control are. One such analysis found that it is very important to treat people with symptomatic infections, because they contain a lot of malaria.
Vaccines are being developed against malaria, although success has not yet been achieved. The first attempt was made in 1967 on rats that were vaccinated with living but radiation-treated spores. Its success rate was 60%. SPF 66 (English: SPf66) was the first vaccine to be field tested, it was initially successful but was later found to fail with success rates below 30%. Today RTS, SAS 02A (English: RTS, S / AS02A) is at the forefront of vaccine trials. It is hoped that the complete coding of the genus P. falciparum will facilitate the development and testing of new drugs and vaccines.
Treatment of Malaria
Some cases of malaria are emergencies and it is mandatory to keep the patient under observation until they are completely healthy, but in other types of malaria it is not necessary, treatment can be done in outpatients. With proper treatment, the patient gets well. Some symptoms are treated with common medicines, along with anti-malarial drugs. These drugs are of two types - first those which are resistant and protect against disease when taken before the disease occurs and the second which are used after getting infected by the disease. Many drugs are used only for resistance or treatment only, while others can be used both ways. Some drugs increase each other's effects and are used together. Resistant drugs are often used collectively.
Many medicines based on quinine are considered good treatment for malaria. Additionally, drugs such as artemisinin, which are prepared from a plant called Artemisia annua (English: Artemisia annua), have been found effective in treating malaria. Use of some other drugs has also been successful against malaria. Experiments on some drugs are in progress. The most prominent factor in the choice of medicine is that malaria parasites have developed resistance to which drugs in that area. Many medicines which were earlier considered successful against malaria are not considered successful nowadays because malaria parasites have gradually acquired immunity against them.
Malaria treatment is available in homeopathy, although many physicians believe that serious diseases like malaria should be treated with allopathic medicines, as they are based on scientific research. Even the advice of the British Homeopathic Association is that one should not depend on homeopathy for the treatment of malaria. [1] In Ayurveda, malaria is called as heterogeneous fever and there are many medicines available for its treatment.
Although effective treatment of malaria is available today, in many underdeveloped regions of the world, it is either not available in malaria affected areas or is so expensive that the common patient is unable to use it. Seeing the increasing demand for malaria medicines, fake medicines are traded in many affected countries on a large scale, which causes many deaths. Nowadays companies are trying to tackle this problem by using new techniques.
Malaria or malignancy is a carrier-borne infectious disease spread by protozoan parasites. It is mainly spread in warm and subtropical regions of continents of America, Asia and Africa. Each year it affects 51.5 million people and causes 10 to 3 million deaths, most of which are young children from sub-Saharan Africa. [1] Malaria is commonly associated with poverty. But it is itself a cause of poverty and a major inhibitor of economic development.
The carrier of the malaria parasite is the female Anopheles mosquito. On its bite, malaria parasites multiply by entering the red blood cells, causing symptoms of anemia (dizziness, breathlessness, ejaculation, etc.). Apart from this, nonspecific symptoms such as fever, cold, nausea and cold are also seen. In severe cases, the patient may go unconscious and even die.
Several measures can be taken to prevent the spread of malaria. Mosquito nets and insect repellents prevent mosquito bites, so mosquitoes can be controlled by spraying pesticides and draining stagnant water (to which mosquitoes lay eggs). Although research on vaccines / vaccines for the prevention of malaria is ongoing, but no one has been available yet. To prevent malaria, preventive medicines have to be taken for a long time and are so expensive that malaria is often out of reach of the affected people. Most adult people in the malaria-dominant area have a tendency to have frequent malaria as well as have partial immunity against it, but this immunity is reduced when they move to an area that Do not get affected by malaria. If they return to the affected area, they should again take full caution. Malaria infection is treated with anti-malarial drugs such as quinine or artemisinin, although cases of drug resistance are becoming increasingly common.
History
Malaria has been affecting humans for 50,000 years, perhaps it has always been a parasite on the human race. The closest relatives of this parasite live in our closest relatives i.e. the chimpanzees. Since history is being written, there have been descriptions of malaria. The earliest description dates back to 2400 BC from China. The word Malaria originates from the medieval Italian language Mala Area which means 'bad wind'. It was also called 'swamp fever' (English: marsh fever, marsh fever) or 'ag' (English: ague) as it spread widely in marshy areas.
The first serious scientific study on malaria occurred in 180 when Charles Louis Alphonse Lavern, a French military physician, first noticed the parasite inside a red blood cell while working in Algeria. He then proposed that this protozoan parasite is the cause of malaria disease. For this and other discoveries, he was given the Medical Nobel Prize of 1906.
This protozoa was named by Plasmodium Italian scientists Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Sealy. A year later, Qubai physician Carlos Finley, while treating yellow fever, first claimed that mosquitoes spread the disease from one person to another. But the work of certifying it as irrefutable was done by Sir Ronald Ross of Britain in 1797 while working in Secunderabad. He showed birds by cutting off birds from special species of mosquitoes and separating the parasites from the salivary glands of mosquitoes which they had reared in infected birds. For this work, he received the Medical Nobel of 1902. Later, resigned from the Indian Medical Service, Ross worked at the newly established Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and contributed to malaria control operations in several countries such as Egypt, Panama, Greece and Mauritius. Finley and Ross's discoveries were confirmed in 1900 by a medical board headed by Walter Reed. William C. Gorgas followed its advice at the time of construction of the Panama Canal, which saved the lives of thousands of workers. These measures were used against this disease in future.
Disease distribution and effects
Malaria causes 60 to 90 crore fever cases every year, whereas it causes 10 to 30 lakh deaths every year, which means one death per 30 seconds. Most of them are children below five years of age, while pregnant women are also susceptible to this disease. Despite efforts to prevent infection and efforts to cure it, there has been no decline in its cases after 1929. If the current prevalence of malaria remains, the death rate may double in the next 20 years. Real data about malaria is unavailable as most of the patients live in rural areas, neither they go to the hospital nor their cases are kept accountable.
Malaria and HIV The possibility of death is increased by simultaneous infection of. [2] Malaria Since H.I.V. Is in a different age group, so this combination is H.I.V. - T.B. (Tuberculosis) is less widespread and fatal. However, both these diseases contribute to spread the spread of each other - malaria increases the viral load, while the person's immunity is weakened due to AIDS infection.
Currently, malaria is spread over a wide area on both sides of the equator, these regions cover the Americas, Asia and most of Africa, but most of these deaths (about 75 to 90%) occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the distribution of malaria is somewhat complex, with malaria-affected and malaria-free areas often occurring together. Its spread in dry areas is closely related to the amount of rainfall. Unlike dengue fever, it spreads more in villages than in cities. For example, the cities of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia are malaria-free, while the villages in these countries suffer from it. As an exception, all urban-rural areas in Africa suffer from this, although the risk is less in large cities. Its world distribution has never been measured since the 1980s. Recently, the Wellcome Trust of Britain has given financial support to the Malaria Atlas Project for this work, so that the current and future distribution of malaria can be studied better.
Social and economic impact
Malaria is associated with poverty, it is itself a cause of poverty and a hindrance in economic development. In areas where it is widely spread, it has many negative economic effects. If we compare the per capita GDP on the basis of 195 (by adjusting the purchasing power), there is a difference of five times in malaria-free areas and malaria-affected areas ($ 1,524 vs. $ 7,268). ). In countries where malaria is spread, the GDP increased by only 0.6% per year between 1975 and 190, while it was 2.6% in countries free of malaria. Although the simultaneous association of causality between poverty and malaria cannot be linked, many poor countries do not have sufficient funding to prevent malaria. In Africa alone, the loss of US $ 12 billion per year is due to malaria, including health expenditure, loss of workdays, loss of education, loss of mental capacity due to brain malaria and loss of investment and tourism. In some countries it consumes up to 40% of the total public health budget. In these countries, 30 to 50% of patients admitted to hospitals and up to 50% of patients seen in outpatient departments are malaria. [3] Malaria in November of 2008 compared to AIDS and tuberculosis For more than double the amount of $ 70 million was spent
Symptoms of Malaria
Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, joint pain, vomiting, anemia (from blood destruction), hemoglobin in urine and seizures. The most common symptom of malaria is a sudden cold, accompanied by a cold, followed by a fever. After 6 to 7 hours, fever subsides and sweats. In P. falciparum infection, the whole process occurs every 37 to 6 hours or may be persistent fever; Malaria due to P. vivax and P. ovale causes fever every two days, and P. malaria every three days. [5]
Severe malaria cases are almost always from P. falciparum. It occurs 6 to 14 days after infection. Increased spleen and liver size, acute headache and hypersensitivity (lack of glucose in the blood) are also other serious symptoms. The excretion of hemoglobin in the urine and this can lead to kidney failure, which is called black water fever (English: blackwater fever, black water fever). Severe malaria can also lead to unconsciousness or death, the risk of this happening in young children and pregnant women is very high. In very severe cases, death can occur within a few hours. In severe cases, mortality can be as high as 20% even if treated appropriately. Treatment is often not satisfactory in the epidemic area, so the death rate is very high and 1 out of every 10 malaria patients die.
Malaria can cause severe damage to the developing brain of young children. Children are more likely to develop brain malaria, and in this case the blood supply to the brain may decrease and often directly harm the brain as well. The extremities twitch awkwardly in the event of excessive damage. In children with severe malaria over the long term, poor mental development is often seen. Pregnant women are very attractive to mosquitoes and can result from malaria until pregnancy death, low birth weight and infant death. It is mainly caused by infection with P. falciparum, but P. vivax can also do this. P. vivax and P. ovale parasites can remain hidden in the liver for years. Therefore, it is wrong to assume that the disease has been completely eradicated even after the disease has been eradicated from the blood. Malaria can occur again up to 30 years after infection with P. vivax. One out of every five cases of P. vivax in temperate regions suddenly arises next year by hiding in cold weather.
Causes of Malaria
Malarial parasite
Malaria is spread by protozoa parasites of Plasmodium gana. Four members of this group infect humans - Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae. The most dangerous of these is believed to be P. falciparum, accounting for 80 percent of malaria cases and 90 percent of deaths. [6] The parasite also infects birds, crawling creatures, monkeys, chimpanzees and mice. [ 7] Infections in humans are also known from many other types of plasmodium, but are negligible except for P. knowlesi. [8] Malaria found in birds Chickens can die but it has not been found to cause much harm to the poultry. [9] When the disease reached humans in the Hawaiian Islands, many of the bird species there were destroyed because of their natural resistance against them. Was not. [10]
Plasmodium parasites, infecting the cytoplasm of the cell of the mid-intestinal lining of a malaria-borne mosquito, illustrated with an electron microscope.
Mosquito
The primary nutrient of the malaria parasite is the female anopheles mosquito, which also helps to spread malaria infection. Mosquitoes of Anopheles gans are spread all over the world. Only the female mosquito nourishes with blood, so it is the carrier and not the male. The female mosquito anopheles bites at night. In the evening, it goes out in search of prey and roams till the hunt is found. It lays eggs in standing water. Both the eggs and the larvae emanating from them are in dire need of water. Additionally, larvae have to repeatedly come to the surface of the water to breathe. The mosquitoes take about 10–14 days to hatch into the egg-larva-pupa and then adults. Adult mosquitoes thrive on pollen and other sugary foods, but female mosquitoes need blood to lay eggs.
Life cycle of plasmodium
The female Anopheles mosquito becomes the first prey and carrier of the malaria parasite. Young mosquitoes take the malaria parasite from the blood of an infected human upon its bite. The germs of the parasite present in the blood (English: gametocytes, gametocytes) develop into males and females in the stomach of the mosquito and then together form the egg (English: oocytes, oocytes) that grow in the wall of the mosquito's intestines. Are. At maturity, they erupt and the spores (English: sporozoites, sporozoots) from it reach the salivary glands of the mosquito. The mosquito then bites saliva as well as spores in the skin when it bites a healthy human. [11] In the human body, these spores then germinate to form germs (see below), which then spread the infection further.
In addition, malaria can also be spread by transfusion of infected blood, but this is very unusual.
Prevention and control
The spread of malaria depends on these factors - the density of the human population, the density of the mosquito population, the spread from mosquitoes to humans and the spread from humans to mosquitoes. If any one of these factors is reduced too much, then malaria can be eradicated from that area. Therefore, to prevent the spread of disease in malaria affected areas, along with medicines, measures are taken to eradicate mosquitoes or to avoid biting them. Many researchers claim that the cost of prevention against malaria treatment will be less in the long run. In the decade 1956–1960, widespread efforts were made to eradicate malaria globally (just as it was done to eradicate smallpox). But they could not succeed and malaria is still present in Africa at the same level.
Much control over malaria can be achieved by destroying mosquito breeding sites. Mosquitoes breed in standing water, such standing water spaces should be covered, dried or drained or oil should be applied on the surface of the water, so that the mosquito larvae cannot breathe. In addition, pesticides are often sprayed on the walls of homes in malaria-affected areas. Mosquitoes of many species digest the human's blood after sitting on the wall. In such a situation, if insecticides are sprayed on the walls, the mosquito will die as soon as it sits on the wall, before any other humans are bitten. The World Health Organization has recognized about 12 drugs for spraying in malaria-affected areas. These include drugs such as permethrin and deltamethrin in addition to DDT, especially in areas where mosquitoes have developed immunity to DDT.
Mosquito nets are successful in keeping mosquitoes away from people and prevent malaria infection to a great extent. Since the Anopheles mosquito bites at night, the protection is completed by hanging large mosquito nets on the bed / bed and completely encircling the bed. Mosquito nets are not very effective measures in their own right, but if treated chemically, they become very useful. Malaria-affected areas have seen a 20 percent reduction in malaria by spreading awareness about malaria. Also, diagnosis and treatment of malaria as soon as possible also reduces its prevalence. Other efforts include collecting and analyzing malaria on a large scale and examining how effective the methods of malaria control are. One such analysis found that it is very important to treat people with symptomatic infections, because they contain a lot of malaria.
Vaccines are being developed against malaria, although success has not yet been achieved. The first attempt was made in 1967 on rats that were vaccinated with living but radiation-treated spores. Its success rate was 60%. SPF 66 (English: SPf66) was the first vaccine to be field tested, it was initially successful but was later found to fail with success rates below 30%. Today RTS, SAS 02A (English: RTS, S / AS02A) is at the forefront of vaccine trials. It is hoped that the complete coding of the genus P. falciparum will facilitate the development and testing of new drugs and vaccines.
Treatment of Malaria
Some cases of malaria are emergencies and it is mandatory to keep the patient under observation until they are completely healthy, but in other types of malaria it is not necessary, treatment can be done in outpatients. With proper treatment, the patient gets well. Some symptoms are treated with common medicines, along with anti-malarial drugs. These drugs are of two types - first those which are resistant and protect against disease when taken before the disease occurs and the second which are used after getting infected by the disease. Many drugs are used only for resistance or treatment only, while others can be used both ways. Some drugs increase each other's effects and are used together. Resistant drugs are often used collectively.
Many medicines based on quinine are considered good treatment for malaria. Additionally, drugs such as artemisinin, which are prepared from a plant called Artemisia annua (English: Artemisia annua), have been found effective in treating malaria. Use of some other drugs has also been successful against malaria. Experiments on some drugs are in progress. The most prominent factor in the choice of medicine is that malaria parasites have developed resistance to which drugs in that area. Many medicines which were earlier considered successful against malaria are not considered successful nowadays because malaria parasites have gradually acquired immunity against them.
Malaria treatment is available in homeopathy, although many physicians believe that serious diseases like malaria should be treated with allopathic medicines, as they are based on scientific research. Even the advice of the British Homeopathic Association is that one should not depend on homeopathy for the treatment of malaria. [1] In Ayurveda, malaria is called as heterogeneous fever and there are many medicines available for its treatment.
Although effective treatment of malaria is available today, in many underdeveloped regions of the world, it is either not available in malaria affected areas or is so expensive that the common patient is unable to use it. Seeing the increasing demand for malaria medicines, fake medicines are traded in many affected countries on a large scale, which causes many deaths. Nowadays companies are trying to tackle this problem by using new techniques.
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